OSU Extension Catalog

Table 3. Seasonal vineyard pest management: weeds, insects, mites and fungal diseases

This table provides information on some of the effective pesticides with current labels on the market. These products include those that may be conducive to a variety of farming programs, including conventional, sustainable, organic and biodynamic programs. However, no designation is provided for specific certification-approved spray programs. Be sure to check with your farm certification agency for approved and prohibited products. Not all commercially available pesticides are listed. Products are listed with their application rates, mode of action group, re-entry interval, preharvest interval and important considerations. The application rates are listed in units provided by the product label or by active ingredient, or ai. Footnotes provide further information. Remember these points:

• Alternative, nonchemical management strategies such as cultural practices (leaf removal, vigor control, etc.) may be possible, allowing for no-chemical or reduced-chemical use for certain pests. See remarks throughout and footnote 5.
• Depending on the region, insect and mite pests only occasionally pose an economic impact in Oregon vineyards. Do not use insecticide sprays unless the insect or mite pest has been identified, a negative economic impact is probable, and pest pressure has reached an action threshold.
• Pesticide labels are subject to alteration or cancellation at any time; always consult a current product label for usage and application rates. You can access labels from various online sources, including:
  

  • NPRO – National Pesticide Information Center Pesticide Research Online

  • Crop Data Management Systems

  You can access labels from various online sources; see “Pest management resources.”

• Contact the Oregon Department of Agriculture at 503-986-4635 or pestx@oda.state.or.us for more questions about pesticide registration and legal use of products.

Key to tables

REI Re-entry interval

PHI Preharvest interval

ai Active ingredient

Group codes: These refer to the product’s mode of action classification. These group codes are designated by the following:

• WSSA: Weed Science Society of America
• FRAC: Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
• IRAC: Insecticide Resistance Action Committee

Powdery mildew and Botrytis strategies

See Table 5

Powdery mildew

Unfortunately, powdery mildew has formed resistance to various fungicide groups, including Groups 3, 7 and 11. Group 3 and strobilurins (Group 11) have been confirmed throughout Oregon. Resistance to Group 7 is suspected. The example powdery mildew spray program provided is based on sulfur and uses synthetic fungicides that avoid these three fungicide classes or tank mixes with other fungicide classes. Sulfur is alternated with fungicides such as Torino (Group U6), Vivando/Prolivo (Group 50), Quintec (Group 13), or combination products that contain multiple modes of action. Tank mixing fungicides from different groups is also a successful strategy if using single mode of action products.

Short (seven-day) spray intervals and high rates of sulfur are used during the most critical infection periods near bloom and post-fruit set. Spray adjuvants may improve efficacy of sulfur. Alternate the use of Torino (Group U6), Vivando/Prolivo (Group 50), or Quintec (Group 13) between sulfur applications. We recommend tank mixing sulfur with fungicides that are at a high risk of resistance development, such as Groups 3, 7 and 11. M-Pede or JMS Stylet oil can be used to slow an infection when protectant fungicides fail to provide complete control. However, oils or soaps cannot be used within a certain number of days after sulfur application; check labels for specific intervals.

Several fungicide products may already contain two different fungicide groups, such as Aprovia Top, Inspire Super, Luna Experience, Luna Sensation, Miravis Prime, Pristine, Quadris Top, Topguard EQ or Unicorn. These also may be used in rotation, but be careful not to rotate them with products that contain the same fungicide groups (FRAC codes). Resistance to one or both components is possible.

Potassium bicarbonate-based materials could be used to supplement a normal, season-long program. They will not eradicate powdery mildew once an epidemic has started.

Botrytis bunch rot

Cultural practices are critical for the effective control of Botrytis. Managing vine vigor and reducing canopy density are key. This can be done through proper shoot thinning, hedging and leaf removal in areas of the Willamette Valley or can be accomplished by regulated deficit irrigation in arid regions. Cluster zone leaf removal that is well timed has been just as effective against Botrytis bunch rot as fungicides alone, particularly during years of dry weather during harvest.

Rain events dictate incidence and severity of Botrytis bunch rot observed. Use rain forecasts to guide applications during bloom and from véraison to harvest. Fungicides should be applied before a rain event. In western Oregon, it is a safe bet to apply a fungicide at bloom since it is common to have rain events from bloom to fruit set. This will help avoid issues of later season Botrytis development.

Primary fungicides to consider in rotation, for tank mixing or both include Rovral (or generics, Group 2), Scala or Vangard (Group 9), Miravis Prime (Group 7 + 12) or Switch (Group 9 + 12). Resistance to Rovral, Elevate and Endura (Kenja or Aprovia, Group 7) have been widely detected in the PNW on Botrytis infested small fruit crops. In the absence of testing, your historical use of any at-risk fungicide will be the best predictor of potential resistance.

JMS stylet oil can be tank mixed with Rovral.

A higher rate of FRAC Group 2 materials may be needed for adequate control. For example, Rovral should not be used below the 1.5 pt/A rate.

Table 6. Botrytis bunch rot of grapes

Botrytis cinerea will infect grape berries from 53°F with as few as four hours of berry wetness. The number of berries infected rises with increased hours of berry wetness. This table is based on a Botrytis bunch rot infection model. Apply fungicides after a medium risk occurs during the growing season.

Temperature (°C)	Temperature (°F)	Min. number of hours of berry wetness* (medium risk)	Min. number of hours of berry wetness* (high risk)
30	86	28.8	32.2
29	84.2	22.4	25.9
28	82.4	19.0	22.1
27	80.6	16.9	19.5
26	78.8	15.3	17.8
25	77	14.3	16.5
24	75.2	13.5	15.6
23	73.4	13.0	15.0
22	71.6	12.6	14.7
21	69.8	12.5	14.5
20	68	12.5	14.4
19	66.2	12.6	14.6
18	64.4	12.9	14.9
17	62.6	13.4	15.5
16	60.8	14.1	16.3
15	59	15.1	17.4
14	57.2	16.5	19.1
13	55.4	18.5	21.4
12	53.6	21.5	24.9

*If berries are dry for fewer than four hours, the wet periods are considered one event. If berries are dry for more than four hours, the wet periods are considered separate events.

Follow the ‘RULES’ for fungicide stewardship

• Rotate or mix fungicides of different chemical groups.
• Use labeled rates.
• Limit total number of applications.
• Educate yourself about fungicide activity, mode of action, and class—as well as resistance management practices.
• Start a fungicide program with multisite mode of action materials.

Weed management: preplant and vineyard establishment

Table 8 highlights the herbicide products available for weed control during preplant and vineyard establishment (termed “nonbearing” on the labels). Herbicide use is often contingent upon the age of the vineyard. Some products can only be used in nonbearing vineyards, or have restrictions relative to the first harvest year. Read product labels closely to ensure proper use of the product.

Other herbicide recommendations for bearing vineyards are listed in Table 3.

Sprayer calibration

It is important that sprayers are properly maintained, calibrated and operated to ensure that the products are applied at the correct rates. All sprayers should be calibrated before the first use each season and periodically during the season to deal with changes in canopy size. Washington State University’s Pesticide Application Technology website provides many resources for vineyard spraying, including sprayer calibration.

Using pesticides safely

Basic elements of safe pesticide use

• Identify the pest (weed, insect, mite, or disease) that needs to be managed. This is required in order to select the correct type of pesticide to achieve the results needed.
• Minimize use of pesticide by timing applications that will allow maximum efficacy based on the biology of the plant and the pest and current environmental conditions. When possible, do targeted applications within affected regions using pesticides that are less persistent and have a narrow range of impact.
• Always read the pesticide label with care. This is the first step in selecting the right material for the job. Never rely on your memory. Before opening the container, pay close attention to warnings and cautions on the label.
• Keep all pesticide and spray materials out of the reach of children, pets and irresponsible persons.
  Storage outside of the home, away from food and feed, and under lock and key is the safest method.
• Store pesticides only in the original container. Keep tightly closed.
• NEVER smoke, eat or drink while handling pesticides.
• Avoid inhalation or direct contact. Always wear protective clothing and safety devices as recommended on the label.
• Avoid spills. If spills occur, take immediate action to remove contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly.
• After each application, bathe and change to clean clothing. Wash clothing after each use. Always use fresh clothing when starting new application.
• Avoid contamination of fish ponds and water supplies. Cover feed and water containers when treating around livestock or pet areas.
• Keep separate equipment for use with hormone-type herbicides to avoid accidental injury to susceptible plants. Also avoid applications under wind conditions that could create drift to nontarget areas.
• Rinse empty containers three times before disposing of them. Add the rinse to the spray tank and dispose of containers according to local regulations to avoid hazard to humans, animals and the environment.
• Follow label directions for mixing and application to keep residues within the limits prescribed by law.
• Plan ahead. Discuss with your physician the materials you will be using during the season so that he or she can be prepared to provide the appropriate treatment in case of accidental exposure. If symptoms of illness occur, call the physician or get the patient to a hospital immediately. Always provide the medical personnel with as much information as possible.
• Be cautious when you apply pesticides. Know your legal responsibility as a pesticide applicator. You may be liable for injury or damage resulting from pesticide use.

Always read the label

The single most important approach to pesticide safety is to read the pesticide label before each use and then follow the directions. If still in doubt after reading the label, contact a person qualified to help evaluate the hazard of the chemical and its use. Qualified people include Extension specialists, county educators, pesticide product representatives and retailers.

Pesticides are toxic and should be handled with care — but can be used safely if you follow recommended precautions. Follow all label requirements, and strongly consider any recommendations for additional personal protective clothing and equipment. In addition to reading and following the label, other major factors in the safe and effective use of pesticides are the pesticide applicator’s qualifications, common sense and positive attitude. Always take all safety precautions when using pesticides.

In case of accidents involving pesticides, see your doctor at once. It will help your doctor to know exactly which pesticide is involved. The label on the container gives this information. Take to the physician the pesticide label or information from the label, such as the product name, registration number of the Environmental Protection Agency, the common name and percentage of active ingredient, and first-aid instructions. If the label cannot be removed, take along the pesticide container (if not contaminated), but do not take it into the hospital or doctor’s office.

Pesticide safety checklist

• Use pesticides only when necessary and as part of an Integrated Pest Management program. Always read
the label and follow the instructions.
• Do not allow children to play around sprayers or mixing, storage and disposal areas. Wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment.
• Avoid drift into nontarget areas and pesticide runoff into streams, rivers, lakes, irrigation ponds and canals.
• Have access to clean water, soap and first-aid supplies.
• Keep pesticides in a dry and locked storage area away from food and feed.
• Stay out of recently sprayed areas until the spray has dried, and observe the restricted-entry intervals specified on the pesticide label.
• Follow the preharvest interval on the pesticide label before harvesting crops or gardens and before allowing livestock to graze fields.

Oregon Poison Center

Oregon Health & Science University

3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road

Portland, OR 97239

Phone: 1-800-222-1222

If a person has collapsed or is not breathing, dial 911.

Organic, sustainable and integrated production resources

Demeter Association

Purpose: The mission of the Demeter Association is to foster, encourage and improve biodynamic methods and practices by certifying growers, processors and manufacturers of biodynamic foodstuffs, and by carrying out other activities and education programs as may be appropriate. Demeter operates exclusively for agricultural and horticultural purposes. Demeter certifies farms as either biodynamic or in conversion to biodynamic.

Evaluation criteria: Demeter certification is in accord with many practices that characterize the certification of organic farms. For example, pesticide use follows the national organic program. However, certain practices are unique to biodynamic agriculture. For technical guidelines and standards, visit
http://demeter-usa.org/for-farmers/farm-processing-standards.asp

Food Alliance

Purpose: Promotes sustainable agriculture by recognizing farmers who produce food in environmentally and socially responsible ways and educating consumers and others in the food system about the benefits of sustainable agriculture.

Evaluation criteria: Certifies a wide variety of farm and ranch products in the Northwest and Midwest. Practices are ranked in a point system with four levels of achievement within each category of evaluation.

International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants

Purpose: IOBC/WPRS promotes the use of sustainable, environmentally safe, economically feasible and socially acceptable control methods of pests and diseases of agricultural and forestry crops. IOBC/WPRS encourages collaboration in the development and promotion of biological and integrated production systems.

Evaluation criteria: All farms certified by an IOBC-endorsed organization must be supervised and their achievements monitored, evaluated and documented according to international rules. Evaluation is based on farm inspection and submitted farm records. Evaluation of farm records is based on completeness and plausibility of records taken, nutrient balance (N and P), all agrichemical inputs and all disqualification criteria. All farm records are evaluated regardless of the field inspection. Technical Bulletins detailing guidelines can be ordered.

Low Input Viticulture & Enology

Purpose: A sustainable agriculture program providing vineyards and wineries with official certification for agricultural practices that are modeled after international standards of integrated production. The intent is to increase vineyard and winery sustainability and best management practices while maintaining fruit and wine quality. Education regarding sustainable production practices is also a component of this program.

Evaluation criteria: It is the intent of the LIVE organization to certify vineyards and wineries that have complied with the requirements of the integrated production program based on best management practices with respect to vineyard efficiency and environmental standards. The success of the program relies on strict adherence to the philosophy and rules of the program. Semiannual site inspections, review of required farm documents, and periodic sampling form the basis for assuring the public that members certified by LIVE have complied with all aspects of the program. Evaluation criteria are based on LIVE Technical Guidelines.

Oregon Department of Agriculture Organic Certification Program

Purpose: This state program administers the regulations outlined by the National Organic Program for agricultural producers who wish to certify their land and agricultural products as “organic” or “made with organic.”

Evaluation criteria: Organic standards outlined by the NOP are enforced. The website has direct links to information from the NOP, including program standards, a national list of approved and prohibited substances, and links to the Organic Material Review Institute. Contents of the National List are based upon a Proposed National List, with annotations, as recommended to the Secretary by the National Organic Standards Board.

Oregon Tilth

Purpose: Tilth is a nonprofit research and education organization certifying organic farmers, processors, retailers and handlers throughout Oregon, the United States and internationally.

Evaluation criteria: Oregon Tilth provides certification to ensure that the agreed-upon conventions of organic agriculture systems are being practiced. Uses a National List of Allowed and Prohibitive Substances based on the National Organic Program final rule and Organic Production Act of 1990.

Organic Material Review Institute

To view the organic materials list online, go to “OMRI Products List.” The list can also be purchased. For direct access to the online searchable list, go to: http://omri.org/OMRI_datatable.php.

Purpose: Provides information about organic materials used in production, processing, and handling. Serves as a reference, providing comprehensive interpretation of materials used on other organization lists.

Evaluation criteria: Rates crop production materials as “Allowed” or “Regulated.” Annual subscriptions are available to receive materials lists, and certifiers can receive certifier subscriber information.

Salmon-Safe

Purpose: Works with leading farmers throughout the Northwest to help restore salmon habitat on farmland by planting trees, growing cover crops, improving irrigation systems, and applying natural methods to control weeds and pests.

Evaluation criteria: The certification process can be downloaded online from the website. Salmon-Safe works in collaboration with the certifiers of LIVE and Oregon Tilth, providing additional certification to those who are certified under these organizations.

Pest management resources

Herbicide drift

Preventing Herbicide Drift and Injury to Grapes, EM 8860

Best Management Practices for Managing Herbicide Resistance, PNW 754

Phylloxera

How to Scout for Grape Phylloxera in Vineyards

Grape Phylloxera: Biology and Management in the Pacific Northwest, EC 1463-E

Rodent Control

Principles of Vertebrate Management

Attracting Birds of Prey for Rodent Control, EC 1641

Meadow Voles and Pocket Gophers: Management in Lawns, Gardens, and Croplands, PNW 627

Pest management handbooks

A number of useful pest management handbooks are available online, and updated annually. You can view, download or print them for free from the OSU Extension Catalog.

Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook

Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook

Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook

Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards

Relative toxicities of pesticides and miticides to natural enemies and pollinators

Relative Toxicities of Insecticides and Miticides Used in Grapes to Natural Enemies and Honey Bees (table)

Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386

Pesticide labels and registration information

Chemical registrations for pesticides can change at any time. To be sure that a product is registered for use in Oregon, use one of the following online databases. You can download product labels from many of them.
Oregon Department of Agriculture, Pesticides Program

Search for pesticides registered in Oregon

NPRO — National Pesticide Information Center Product Research Online

PICOL — Pesticide Information Center Online

CDMS — Crop Data Management Systems

Agrian Label Look Up

Worker protection standards, pesticide and farm safety

National Worker Protection Standard Training and Compliance Materials

Oregon Fatality Assessment and Evaluation — Farm safety outreach to prevent fatalities

Grape production

Wine grape production — OSU Extension

National Clean Plant Network for Grapes

This website has useful information about grapevine certification. Obtain up-to-date information on the newest virus concerns such as Grapevine red blotch associated virus.